Yet they all oblige us to investigate how the civil wars and expressions of violence of this period became interlocked. Its champions don’t agree on the chronological endpoints and causal mechanisms that generated violence across the European continent during this period. Since then it has been adopted and refashioned by scholars and historical actors across the political spectrum, among them the political theorist Hannah Arendt, the controversial German historian Ernst Nolte, and the left-leaning scholar Enzo Traverso.
The concept of a European Civil War was first advanced by contemporaries who lived through it. Was the Spanish Civil War a nexus through which violence moved across borders?-an epoch of military violence and ideological, cultural, political, social and economic conflict that began either in 1914, with the outbreak of the “Great War,” or with the Russian Revolutions of 1917, especially the Bolshevik Revolution, and ended in 1945, when fascism’s defeat brought a resolution of the conflicts that had wracked the European continent since 1914?
Mexican edition of journalist Manuel Chaves Nogales’ Secrets of the Defense of Madrid
